What is the primary output of cellular respiration?

The primary output of cellular respiration is ATP, which is the energy currency of the cell. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and release waste products. This process primarily occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain). Each of these stages contributes to the production of ATP, which is utilized by the cell to perform vital functions, including growth, reproduction, and maintenance of homeostasis.

While glucose serves as the initial fuel source for cellular respiration, it is ultimately broken down to release energy, which is captured in the form of ATP. Other substances like lactic acid are byproducts of anaerobic respiration, and oxygen is used in aerobic respiration but is not produced as a result of the process. Thus, the central role of ATP in energy transfer and storage within the cell highlights its significance as the primary output of cellular respiration.