What is the purpose of surfactant in the lungs?

Surfactant plays a critical role in the lungs by reducing surface tension in the alveoli, the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Alveoli are lined with a thin layer of fluid, and without surfactant, the surface tension would be so high that the alveoli could collapse, making it difficult for the lungs to inflate during breathing. By lowering surface tension, surfactant helps stabilize the alveoli, ensuring they remain open and facilitating the efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration. This is particularly important during the first breaths of a newborn, as adequate surfactant production is crucial for maintaining proper lung function and preventing respiratory distress.