What is the role of the myelin sheath in neurons?

The myelin sheath plays a crucial role in the functioning of neurons, primarily by insulating the axon and significantly increasing the speed at which electrical signals, or action potentials, are conducted along the nerve fiber. This insulation prevents the loss of electrical charge and allows the signal to jump between the nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the myelin sheath), a process known as saltatory conduction. As a result, myelinated axons can transmit signals much faster than unmyelinated axons, making the transmission of information in the nervous system more efficient. This is critical for rapid communication between neurons, especially in situations requiring quick reflexes or coordinated motor activity.