Which nervous system is activated during the physiological response to stress?

The sympathetic nervous system is the component of the autonomic nervous system that is primarily activated during the physiological response to stress. When the body perceives a threat, the sympathetic nervous system triggers the "fight or flight" response, preparing the body to react to the stressor. This involves the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine, which lead to various physiological changes, such as an increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, enhanced blood flow to muscles, and a reduction in digestion. These changes enable a more effective response to potential danger.

In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system promotes a state of rest and relaxation, making it less active during stressful situations. Similarly, the somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, which are not directly involved in the immediate stress response. The enteric nervous system, often referred to as the "second brain," manages functions of the gastrointestinal system and its activity is modulated by the autonomic nervous system rather than being a primary player in stress responses.